In this paper, a method is proposed to automatically select reference image in HISTOGRAM matching. HISTOGRAM matching is one of the simplest spatial image enhancement methods which improves contrast of the initial image based on HISTOGRAM of the reference image. In the conventional HISTOGRAM matching methods, user should perform several experiments on various images to find a suitable reference image. This paper presents a new method to automatically select the reference image. In this method, images are converted from RGB to HSV, and the illumination (V) components are considered to select the reference image. The appropriate reference image is selected using a similarity measure via measuring the similarity between the HISTOGRAMs of the initial image and HISTOGRAMs of the images in the data base. Indeed, an image with similar HISTOGRAM to the HISTOGRAM of the original images is more appropriate to choose as the reference image for HISTOGRAM matching. Results in this research indicate superiority of the proposed approach, compared to other existing approaches, in image enhancement via HISTOGRAM matching. In addition, the user would have no concern in selecting an appropriate reference image for HISTOGRAM matching in the proposed approach. This approach is applicable to both RGB and gray scale images.

Methodology is a major issue in all the fields covered by science. In Islamic jurisprudence, the jurist who uses his personal judgment (i.e. the mojtahed) rely on the principle of inference (estenbāt). This method can give great results, but they will be even greater if the mojtahed had himself a SPECIALIZATION in the domain concerned. This kind of SPECIALIZATION is not new: it was called (tajazzī) before and its principle has been accepted by most of the shi'i and Sunni authorities. As sciences are divided in numerous branches, so must be the mojtaheds. The more science expands, the more it requires SPECIALIZATION. And such a SPECIALIZATION is at the same time the cause and the consequence of the progress of science. This new trend is not contradictory with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence.

A SPECIALIZATION semilattice is a join semilattice together with a coarser preorder ⊑,satisfying an appropriate compatibility condition. If 𝑋,is a topological space, then (P(𝑋, ), ∪, , ⊑, ) is a SPECIALIZATION semilattice, where 𝑥,⊑,𝑦,if 𝑥,⊆,𝐾, 𝑦, , for 𝑥, , 𝑦,⊆,𝑋, , and 𝐾,is closure. SPECIALIZATION semilattices and posets appear as auxiliary structures in many disparate scientific fields, even unrelated to topology. In a former work we showed that every SPECIALIZATION semilattice can be embedded into the SPECIALIZATION semilattice associated to a topological space as above. Here we describe the universal embedding of a SPECIALIZATION semilattice into an additive closure semilattice.

Statement of Problem: Prosthetic treatments account for more than half of the all provided dental services, as well as the highest number of lawsuits in some countries. The quality of Prosthodontics postgraduate programs has profound effect on the improvement of provided patient health care and reduction of patient complaints. Goal: The goal of this study was to survey different universities around the globe for the duration and subjects of Prosthodontics specialty programs, the title of degree awarded and the programs that are offered in conjunction with other disciplines. Materials and Methods: This study surveyed Prosthodontics specialty programs offered by different universities available on their websites, and reviewed published research on this subject using search engines such as Google, Pubmed and Medline. The published Accreditation Standards for the program and minimum requirements for achieving competency after completion of the program was reviewed. Result: The results of survey showed that prosthodontics specialty is not recognized by all countries. In 42 universities surveyed, the duration of program ranged from two to four years. The title of awarded degree varied in different universities. In some universities, prosthodontics and other disciplines were integrated in one program. Few universities offered additional subjects like photography, geriatrics and pain in their educational curriculum. Conclusion: The core subjects of the programs seemed identical. However, programs differ in duration, title and extra subjects.